Our Health Library information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Please be advised that this information is made available to assist our patients to learn more about their health. Our providers may not see and/or treat all topics found herein. This information is produced and provided by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The information in this topic may have changed since it was written. For the most current information, contact the National Cancer Institute via the Internet web site at http://cancer.gov or call 1-800-4-CANCER. Incidence and Mortality Estimated new cases and deaths from small intestine cancer in the United States in 2024:[1] Small intestine cancer types include adenocarcinoma, sarcoma, neuroendocrine tumor, gastrointestinal stromal tumor, and lymphoma. Small intestine cancer accounts for 3.5% of all digestive system malignancies.[1,2] Follow-Up and Survivorship As in other gastrointestinal malignancies, the predominant modality of treatment is surgery when resection is possible, and cure relates to the ability to completely resect the cancer. Neuroendocrine tumors of the small intestine are covered elsewhere as a separate cancer entity. For more information, see Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors Treatment. References: Tumors that occur in the small intestine include the following: Approximately 25% to 50% of the primary malignant tumors in the small intestine are adenocarcinomas, and most occur in the duodenum.[1] Small intestine carcinomas may occur synchronously or metachronously at multiple sites. Leiomyosarcomas occur most often in the ileum. About 20% of malignant lesions of the small intestine are neuroendocrine tumors, which occur more frequently in the ileum than in the duodenum or jejunum and may be multiple. It is uncommon to find malignant lymphoma as a solitary small intestine lesion. References: The treatment sections of this summary are organized according to histopathological type rather than stage. AJCC Stage Groupings and TNM Definitions The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) has designated staging by TNM (tumor, node, metastasis) classification to define small intestine cancer. This staging classification applies only to adenocarcinomas arising in the nonampullary duodenum and small intestine. Nonadenocarcinomas arising in the small intestine should have a TNM assigned but are not assigned a stage classification.[1] References: Treatment options: Current Clinical Trials Use our advanced clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now enrolling patients. The search can be narrowed by location of the trial, type of treatment, name of the drug, and other criteria. General information about clinical trials is also available. References: Treatment options: Current Clinical Trials Use our advanced clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now enrolling patients. The search can be narrowed by location of the trial, type of treatment, name of the drug, and other criteria. General information about clinical trials is also available. Treatment options: Current Clinical Trials Use our advanced clinical trial search to find NCI-supported cancer clinical trials that are now enrolling patients. The search can be narrowed by location of the trial, type of treatment, name of the drug, and other criteria. General information about clinical trials is also available. The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above. General Information About Small Intestine Cancer Updated statistics with estimated new cases and deaths for 2024 (cited American Cancer Society as reference 1). This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of NCI. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or NIH. More information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in maintaining the PDQ summaries can be found on the About This PDQ Summary and PDQ® Cancer Information for Health Professionals pages. Purpose of This Summary This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the treatment of small intestine cancer. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. Reviewers and Updates This summary is reviewed regularly and updated as necessary by the PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is editorially independent of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should: Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary. The lead reviewers for Small Intestine Cancer Treatment are: Any comments or questions about the summary content should be submitted to Cancer.gov through the NCI website's Email Us. Do not contact the individual Board Members with questions or comments about the summaries. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries. Levels of Evidence Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. These designations are intended to help readers assess the strength of the evidence supporting the use of specific interventions or approaches. The PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board uses a formal evidence ranking system in developing its level-of-evidence designations. Permission to Use This Summary PDQ is a registered trademark. Although the content of PDQ documents can be used freely as text, it cannot be identified as an NCI PDQ cancer information summary unless it is presented in its entirety and is regularly updated. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as "NCI's PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary]." The preferred citation for this PDQ summary is: PDQ® Adult Treatment Editorial Board. PDQ Small Intestine Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/types/small-intestine/hp/small-intestine-treatment-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389423] Images in this summary are used with permission of the author(s), artist, and/or publisher for use within the PDQ summaries only. Permission to use images outside the context of PDQ information must be obtained from the owner(s) and cannot be granted by the National Cancer Institute. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in Visuals Online, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images. Disclaimer Based on the strength of the available evidence, treatment options may be described as either "standard" or "under clinical evaluation." These classifications should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. More information on insurance coverage is available on Cancer.gov on the Managing Cancer Care page. Contact Us More information about contacting us or receiving help with the Cancer.gov website can be found on our Contact Us for Help page. Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the website's Email Us. Last Revised: 2024-02-23 This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Ignite Healthwise, LLC disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Learn how we develop our content. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Ignite Healthwise, LLC.Topic Contents
Small Intestine Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI]
General Information About Small Intestine Cancer
Cellular Classification of Small Intestine Cancer
Stage Information for Small Intestine Cancer
T Category T Criteria a Reprinted with permission from AJCC: Small Intestine. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 221–34. b For T3 tumors, the nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue is, for the jejunum and ileum, part of the mesentery and, for the duodenum in areas where serosa is lacking, part of the interface with the pancreas. TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed. T0 No evidence of primary tumor. Tis High-grade dysplasia/carcinomain situ. T1 Tumor invades the lamina propria or submucosa. −T1a Tumor invades the lamina propria. −T1b Tumor invades the submucosa. T2 Tumor invades the muscularis propria. T3 Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into the subserosa, or extends into nonperitonealized perimuscular tissue (mesentery or retroperitoneum) without serosal penetration.b T4 Tumor perforates the visceral peritoneum or directly invades other organs or structures (e.g., other loops of small intestine, mesentery of adjacent loops of bowel, and abdominal wall by way of serosa; for duodenum only, invasion of pancreas or bile duct). N Category N Criteria a Reprinted with permission from AJCC: Small Intestine. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 221–34. NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed. N0 No regional lymph node metastasis. N1 Metastasis in one or two regional lymph nodes. N2 Metastasis in three or more regional lymph nodes. M Category M Criteria a Reprinted with permission from AJCC: Small Intestine. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 221–34. M0 No distant metastasis. M1 Distant metastasis present. Stage T N M T = primary tumor; N = regional lymph node; M = distant metastasis. a Reprinted with permission from AJCC: Small Intestine. In: Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al., eds.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017, pp 221–34. 0 Tis N0 M0 I T1−2 N0 M0 IIA T3 N0 M0 IIB T4 N0 M0 IIIA Any T N1 M0 IIIB Any T N2 M0 IV Any T Any N M1 Treatment of Small Intestine Adenocarcinoma
Treatment of Small Intestine Leiomyosarcoma
Treatment of Recurrent Small Intestine Cancer
Latest Updates to This Summary (02 / 23 / 2024)
About This PDQ Summary
Our Health Library information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Please be advised that this information is made available to assist our patients to learn more about their health. Our providers may not see and/or treat all topics found herein. This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Ignite Healthwise, LLC disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Learn how we develop our content. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Ignite Healthwise, LLC.Small Intestine Cancer Treatment (PDQ®): Treatment - Health Professional Information [NCI]